LARRYN SMERLING | DS 224 | FALL 2020
WALLS
CONCRETE
Daniel Libeskind | Holocaust Monument | 2017
Source & Production
Concrete is a widely used material, the variation in make up means that it can be sourced from almost anywhere. The cement portion of concrete is a controlled combination of calcium, silicon, aluminum, etc. The water used for the process needs to be purified water, while aggregate is much less precise. The cement is mixed with the water and aggregate. From that point in the manufacturing process slabs for walls are either created at the plant or the liquid form is transported for installation at the site. The two forms are called precast and cast in place.
Characteristics
The human created substance is a mixture of Portland Cement, any myriad of aggregates (rock, sand, gravel) and water. Color and texture of the composite material can differ greatly depending on the a type of aggregate. The combination of of these substances makes concrete a durable and strong material ( averaging compression strength of 25- 40 megapascals).
PRECAST
Cladding,, load-bearing walls, form work, and sheer walls are all examples of precast concrete. The advantages for precast concrete are that it is easy and fast to produce and install
Maintenance:
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Low maintenance
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sealants needed
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reapplication is needed in frequently
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Organizations:
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Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute (PCI)
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National Precast Concrete Association (NPCA)
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Architectural Precast Association (APA)
CAST IN PLACE
Walls that are created at the construction site are considered Cast in place, as they start out as the liquid form at the site. Cast in place are for essential structural walls or form walls that are to difficult or large to install.
Maintenance:
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higher maintenance
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curing
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sealants needed
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reapplication is needed in frequently
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repairs require prepping surface
Organizations:
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American Concrete Institute (ACI)
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Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute (CRSI)
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Portland Cement Association(PCA)
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Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Product Association (AACPA)
Environmental Impact
Concrete like many construction materials are not environmentally friendly. The cement portion of concrete is a fairly detrimental to air quality ( 5% of of the worlds total CO2 emissions). purified water is a crucial part of the creation of concrete, which then pollutes water. Water and air quality decrease, it also takes an immense amount of energy to produce concrete and is challenging to recycle in an effective way. Besides the production of concrete, the transportation of material is also an issue with the product.
Name: Mural
Date: 1965
Architect: William MItchell
Standards
- Concrete Reinforcing steel Ins
- Precast/ Prestressed Concrete Institute (PCI)
- MNL 120
- American Society for testing and Materials (ASTM)
- ASTM C666 freeze thaw testing
- ASTM C856 aggregate evaluation
- American Concrete Institute (ACI)
- ACI 301 specifications for structural concrete
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ACI 318 criteria for acceptance of concrete mix
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ACI 318 Building code requirements for structural concrete
Testing
& Building
requirements
PCI Design Handbook
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MNL-120 Precast and Prestressed Concrete
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ACI 533.1R-02 (Design Responsibility for Architectural Precast Concrete) -
ACI 318 Structural Concrete Building Code -
AISC sets the specifications for steel within the precast concrete
Occupational Safety and Health Administration's (OSHA) standard for concrete and masonry construction
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General Requirements of the Standard
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Reinforcing Steel
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Post-Tensioning
Operations -
Concrete Buckets
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Working Under Loads
Personal Protective Equipment -
Equipment and Tools
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- Requirement for Cast-in-Place Concrete?
- Drawings or Plans
- Shoring and Reshoring
- Vertical Slip Forms
- Reinforcing Steel
- Removal of Formwork
- Precast Concrete
- Lift-Slab Operations
- Masonry Construction
- Construction Loads
Production
SWNA Installs Five 3D Printed Concrete Curtain Walls At Gwangju Design Center In South Korea
Sources
Name: Mural
Date: 1965
Architect: William MItchell
Reach rehearse Studio J, which features crinkle-concrete walls. Richard Barnes